Body skeleton, its structure and function

The skeleton of the body consists of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. Bones are connected by ligaments and a framework for tissue
They create the body. The skeleton of an adult has 602 bones. Children's skeletons actually contain more bones. Because some
Of them, including the bones of the skull, join together as they grow. Regardless of age and gender, the body skeleton can be divided into two parts
It is divided into axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. There are also differences in the body skeleton of men and women
has it. Men's skeleton is usually longer and has a high bone mass. On the other hand, the female skeleton has a wider pelvis. for pregnancy
And childbirth is appropriate.
The body skeleton has two main parts:

1 - axial skeleton
Bones along the axis of the body, including the skull, vertebrae, and ribcage

2 - Appendicular skeleton or appendage
Appendages such as upper and lower limbs, hip belt and shoulder belt.

1) Axial skeletal structure of the human body
The axial skeleton of the adult body consists of 100 bones. This bone is one of the vertical axes of the body such as the bones of the head, neck,
The chest and spine are formed.

Axial bone
The axial bones of the body skeleton include the following types:

 Bones of the skull
The adult skull contains 66 bones. These bones can be classified according to their location: the bones of the skull include eight
It is a bone. It forms the major part of the skull. They help protect your brain.

 Facial bone
There are 41 bones in the face. They are found in front of the skull and form the face.

 Auditory bone
Auditory ossicles are six small bones. They are found in the inner ear canal of the skull. Three auditory bones on each side of the head
There are those known as:

 Hammer
 Inside) Anvil
 Stop) stirrup
They work together to transfer sound waves from the surrounding environment to the inner ear structure.

 Hyoid bone
The hyoid is a U-shaped bone found at the base of the jaw. It acts as a connection point for the muscles and ligaments of the neck
slow down

 Spine
Vertebral column consists of 62 bones. The first 61 are all the vertebrae, followed by the sacrum and coccyx
have . The 61 vertebrae of the body skeleton can be divided into the following:

Cervical vertebra: These seven bones are found in the head and neck.

 Thoracic vertebrae: These 46 bones are found in the upper part of the back.

 Lumbar vertebrae: These five bones are found in the lower back.

 Sacrum and coccyx: Both are made up of several fused vertebrae. They bear the weight of the body in a sitting position
they help They also act as connection points of different ligaments.

Chest: It consists of sternum and 46 pairs of ribs. These bones form a protective cage around the upper body
The heart and lungs make up the sentence. Some ribs are attached directly to the sternum. while others are connected to the sternum through cartilage. some
They do not have a connection point and they are called "floating gears".

2) Appendicular skeleton structure or appendage
There are a total of 462 bones in the appendage skeleton. It includes the bones that make up the arms and legs as well as bones
which connects them to the axial skeleton

Pectoral girdle: It is the place where the arms are connected to the axial skeleton. It consists of clavicle and scapula (shoulder blade).

Body skeleton in the upper limb
The body skeleton in the upper limb includes 30 bones in each arm. It is known by the following names:

Humerus: It is a long bone in the arm.

Radius: It is one of the two long bones of the forearm, which is found in the thumb.

Ulna: It is the second longest bone of the forearm. It is seen on the side of the pinky finger.
Carpals of the wrist: a group of eight bones. They are found in the wrist area.

Metacarpals: There are five bones. They are found in the middle area of the hand.

Phalanges: There are 41 bones. They form the fingers.

Hip belt: usually called hips. The connection of the legs to the skeleton is axial.

Each pelvic bone consists of three parts and is known by the following names:

 Ilium: The upper part of each hip bone.

Ischium: It is a bent bone. It forms the base of each hip bone.

 Pubis: It is located in the front part of the femur.

Body skeleton in the lower limbs
The skeleton of the body in the lower limb is composed of 00 bones in each leg. They are known by the following names: Femur: It is the big bone of the lower leg. Tibia: The tibia is the main leg bone. Fibula: The second leg bone. It is found on the outside of the leg. Patella Patella: It is also called knee patella. Tarsal: There are seven ankle bones. Metatarsal: There are five bones. They form the middle area of the foot. Phalanges: 41 bones. They include the toes.
Other components of the human body skeleton
Other components of the body skeleton include: Cartilage
The smooth, flexible material covers the ends of your bones where they meet. enables bones without
friction (rubbing together) to move. When cartilage breaks down, as in arthritis, it can be painful and cause movement problems.
to be joints
A joint is where two or more bones meet in the body. There are three different types of joints. The types of joints are:
Immovable joints: do not allow the bones to move at all. Like the joints between the bones of the skull. Partially mobile joints: These joints allow limited movement. Your chest joints are partially mobile joints. Movable joints: allow a wide range of movement. Elbow, shoulder and knee are mobile joints. Rabat: Ban

Tens of strong connective tissue called ligaments hold the bones together. Tendon: are tissue bands. They connect the end of the muscle to the bone.

Blood supply to the skeleton of the human body
Bone and marrow make up approximately 40 to 60% of cardiac output. Blood vessels in bone for almost all functions
Skeletal systems, including oxygen and nutrient delivery, are essential for homeostasis and repair. Blood supply in long bones from nutrient artery and
Periosteal, epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries are obtained. Each artery is also associated with nerve fibers that branch into the cavities of the brain. Arteries are the main source of blood and nutrients for
They are long bones that are inserted through the nutritive hole and then divided into ascending and descending branches. The ends of the long bones are supplied by the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, which arise from the related arterioles. If the blood supply to the bone is disturbed. It can lead to the death of bone tissue (osteonecrosis). A common example is a broken neck
It is the femur that disrupts the blood supply to the head of the femur and causes bone tissue necrosis. Femoral head structure
It collapses and causes pain and dysfunction.
Skeletal function of the human body
The main function of the body skeleton is to support the whole body. For example, the spine supports the head and trunk. On the other hand, the legs in
While standing, the person bears the weight of the upper body. In addition to contributing to the overall shape of the body, the skeleton has several key functions, including:  Support and movement
 Protection of internal organs
 Homeostasis of minerals
 Formation of blood cells
 Triglyceride storage
Support and movement
Bones are where ligaments and tendons connect. They create a skeletal framework. With the coordination of levers, muscles, tendons and
Ligaments create movement. Bones act as levers, while muscles provide the forces responsible for moving the bones
they produce . Muscles are attached to bones through tendons. This connection allows the body to move in different ways. Protection of internal organs
The skull protects the brain. While the chest protects the heart and lungs. Bones provide protective boundaries for soft organs: the skull around the brain, the vertebral column surrounding the spinal cord.
The ribs contain the heart, lungs, and the pelvis protects the organs of the reproductive system. Formation of blood cells
Blood cells are formed from hematopoietic stem cells in the red bone marrow. Babies are born with only red bone marrow
become Over time, due to the reduction of erythropoietin, the hormone responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow, the brain
Yellow is replaced. In adulthood, the amount of red brain is reduced by half. This amount decreases to about 00 at older ages.
Storage of minerals and nutrients
Bones can store and release minerals, including calcium and phosphorus, that are important for many body functions. plus
Therefore, fat tissue that can be used as energy is found in a part of the bone marrow. Bones, as the main reservoirs of minerals in the body, contain approximately 99% of the body's calcium, 08% of phosphate and 80% of its magnesium. They are in
Maintaining homeostasis, minerals in the blood are essential, and minerals stored in bones are released in response to body needs. its surface
It is maintained and regulated by hormones such as parathyroid hormone. Triglyceride storage
Yellow bone marrow acts as a potential energy store for the body. This material is mainly composed of fat cells. Terry
It stores glyceride (a type of lipid that is naturally present in the blood).
Conditions affecting the skeleton of the human body
Many conditions affect the bones, joints and skeleton of the body. Some of them happen as a result of illness or injury. With age
They are caused by wear and tear. Conditions that may affect the skeletal system can include the following: Bone fractures
A fracture is referred to as a bone fracture. Fractures due to injury or trauma such as a car accident or fall
they give. There are different types of fractures. But they are generally classified based on the nature and location of the fracture. Metabolic bone disease
Metabolic bone diseases are a group of conditions that affect bone strength or integrity. For reasons such as
Vitamin D deficiency, loss of bone mass and the use of certain drugs such as steroids or chemotherapy. Arthritis of the joints
Arthritis is inflammation of the joints. This can cause pain and limited movement. Several factors can cause arthritis, including breakdown
Cartilage in the joints, autoimmune conditions or infection. bone cancer
Cancer can develop in bone tissue or in cells produced by bone. Cancer that develops in primary bone tissue
It can be very rare indeed. Cancers of the blood cells produced by the bone, such as myeloma or lymphoma, are more common.
Curvature of the spine
Spinal curvature is when the spine does not bend in its normal shape. Normally, the spine has gentle curves
It goes back and forth. There are three main types of spinal curvature: Kyphosis: Kyphosis causes rounding in the upper part of the back. Lordosis: Lordosis causes the waist to curve inward. Scoliosis: Scoliosis causes an S or C-shaped curve in the spine.
Osteosarcoma
Cancer that develops in the bones causes tumors that may weaken the bones

rank and cause fracture.
Osteoporosis
Bone loss from not getting enough calcium can lead to brittle and brittle bones. to osteoporosis
it is famous . Sprains and tears
Age, illness and trauma can cause excessive stretching and tearing of connective tissue.
Bone composition of the body skeleton
Bone matrix has three main components:

 Organic matrix (osteoid).
 Mineral salts
 68% water
organic matrix (osteoid).
The organic matrix (osteoid) consists of approximately 90% type I collagen fibers and 40% other proteins such as glycoprotein, osteocalcin and
Proteoglycan is formed. It forms the framework of the bones. through the deposition of calcium and other minerals around the fibers
They become stiff. minerals
Mineral salts are first deposited between the gaps of the collagen layer and when these spaces are filled. Minerals around the collagen fibers
They accumulate and cause the tissue to harden. This process is called ossification. Bone hardness depends on the type and amount of minerals available in the body for use. Hydroxyapatite is one of the main minerals
It is found in bones. While bones need enough minerals to strengthen them. It should also maintain enough flexibility to bear
The daily forces applied on them prevent them from breaking. This flexibility and tensile strength of bone is derived from collagen fibers. Excessive fiber mineralization or production disruption
Collagen can increase the fragility of bones

Bone structure of the human body skeleton
There are two types of bone tissue: compact and spongy.
These names indicate that these two types are different in terms of density or how tightly the tissue sticks together.
There are three types of cells that contribute to bone homeostasis. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, osteoclasts
They absorb or break down bone and osteocytes are mature bone cells. The balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts causes
Bone tissue is preserved.
compact bone
Compact bone is composed of osteons or compact harsin systems. osteon from a central canal called the bony canal
(Haversin) is formed, which is surrounded by concentric rings (lamella) of the matrix. Between the rings of the matrix, the cells
Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in spaces called lacunae. Small canals (canaliculi) from lacunae to osteonic canal.
(haversin) radiate to provide passages through the hard matrix. In compact bone, haversin systems
They are firmly placed together to form solid masses. Bone canals containing blood vessels parallel to the long axis
are bones These blood vessels are connected to the vessels on the surface of the bone through perforating channels. spongy bone
"Cancellous" spongy is lighter and less dense than compressed bone. Spongy bone consisting of plates
(trabeculae) and bone rods in the vicinity of small and irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow. Canals instead of canals
The central veins are connected to the adjacent cavities to receive their blood. It may seem that trabeculae randomly
They are arranged, but they are organized in such a way as to maximize strength, similar to the braces used to support the building
can be presented. Subchondral tissue is the smooth tissue at the ends of bones that is covered with another type of tissue called cartilage.
Is. Cartilage is a specialized and sandy connective tissue that exists in adults. It is also the tissue that most of the bones in children come from
It grows. The hard and thin outer membrane that covers the bones is called periosteum. Underneath the hard outer shell
The periosteum contains tunnels and canals through which blood and lymphatic vessels pass to carry nutrients to the bone.
do Muscles, ligaments, and tendons may attach to the periosteum